Polymer
Chemistry
A
Practical Approach
Edited
by
FRED J. DAVIS
The
School of Chemistry,
The University of Reading, UK
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Contents
Contributors
xiii
Abbreviations
xvii
1.
Polymer characterization 1
Ian
L. Hosier, Alun S. Vaughan, Geoffrey R. Mitchell, Jintana
Siripitayananon,
and Fred J. Davis
1.
Introduction 1
2.
Synthetic routes to polymers 2
3.
Molecular weight determination 4
4.
Composition and microstructure 7
5.
Optical microscopy 9
6.
Electron microscopy 11
7.
Analytical microscopy 14
8.
Scanning probe microscopy 16
9.
Thermal analysis 18
10.
Molecular relaxation spectroscopy 21
11.
X-ray and neutron scattering methods 24
12.
Conclusions 32
References
33
2.
General procedures in chain-growth
polymerization
43
Najib
Aragrag, Dario C. Castiglione, Paul R. Davies,
Fred
J. Davis, and Sangdil I. Patel
1.
Introduction 43
2.
Free-radical chain polymerization 44
3.
Anionic polymerization 67
4.
Ring-opening polymerizations initiated by anionic reagents 83
5.
Coordination polymers 90
6.
Conclusions 95
References
95
3.
Controlled/‘living’ polymerization methods 99
Wayne
Hayes and Steve Rannard
1.
Introduction 99
2.
Covalent ‘living’ polymerization: group transfer
polymerization
101
3.
Controlled free-radical polymerizations mediated by nitroxides 109
4.
Controlled free-radical polymerizations: atom transfer
free-radical
polymerizations
(ATRP) and aqueous ATRP
116
References
123
4.
Step-growth polymerization—basics and
development
of new materials
126
Zhiqun
He, Eric A. Whale, and Fred J. Davis
1.
Introduction 126
2.
The synthesis of an aromatic polyamide 127
3.
Preparation of a main-chain liquid crystalline poly(ester ether)
with
a flexible side-chain
130
4.
Non-periodic crystallization from a side-chain bearing
copolyester
135
5.
A comparison of melt polymerization of an aromatic di-acid
containing
an ethyleneglycol spacer with polymerization in
a
solvent and dispersion in an inorganic medium
138
References
143
5.
The formation of cyclic oligomers during
step-growth
polymerization
145
Abderrazak
Ben Haida, Philip Hodge, and
Howard
M. Colquhoun
1.
Introduction 145
2.
Synthesis and extraction of cyclic oligomers of
poly(ether
ketone)
146
3.
Synthesis of some sulfone-linked paracyclophanes
from
macrocyclic thioethers
152
4.
Summary 156
References
156
3.
Controlled/‘living’ polymerization methods 99
Wayne
Hayes and Steve Rannard
1.
Introduction 99
2.
Covalent ‘living’ polymerization: group transfer
polymerization
101
3.
Controlled free-radical polymerizations mediated by nitroxides 109
4.
Controlled free-radical polymerizations: atom transfer
free-radical
polymerizations
(ATRP) and aqueous ATRP
116
References
123
4.
Step-growth polymerization—basics and
development
of new materials
126
Zhiqun
He, Eric A. Whale, and Fred J. Davis
1.
Introduction 126
2.
The synthesis of an aromatic polyamide 127
3.
Preparation of a main-chain liquid crystalline poly(ester ether)
with
a flexible side-chain
130
4.
Non-periodic crystallization from a side-chain bearing
copolyester
135
5.
A comparison of melt polymerization of an aromatic di-acid
containing
an ethyleneglycol spacer with polymerization in
a
solvent and dispersion in an inorganic medium
138
References
143
5.
The formation of cyclic oligomers during
step-growth
polymerization
145
Abderrazak
Ben Haida, Philip Hodge, and
Howard
M. Colquhoun
1.
Introduction 145
2.
Synthesis and extraction of cyclic oligomers of
poly(ether
ketone)
146
3.
Synthesis of some sulfone-linked paracyclophanes
from
macrocyclic thioethers
152
4.
Summary 156
References
156
6.
The synthesis of conducting polymers based
on
heterocyclic compounds
158
David
J. Walton, Fred J. Davis, and Philip J. Langley
1.
Introduction 158
2.
Electrochemical synthesis 159
3.
Synthesis of polypyrrole 163
4.
Synthesis of polyaniline 178
5.
Synthesis of polythiophene 181
6.
Conclusions 186
References
186
7.
Some examples of dendrimer synthesis 188
Donald
A. Tomalia
1.
Introduction 188
2.
Excess reagent method 190
3.
Protection–deprotection method 193
References
199
8.
New methodologies in the preparation of
imprinted
polymers
201
Cameron
Alexander, Nicole Kirsch, and Michael Whitcombe
1.
Introduction 201
2.
Sacrificial spacer approach 203
3.
Preparation of bacteria-imprinted polymers 210
References
214
9.
Liquid crystalline polymers 215
Sangdil
I. Patel, Fred J. Davis, Philip M. S. Roberts,
Craig
D. Hasson, David Lacey, Alan W. Hall, Andreas Greve,
and
Heino Finkelmann
1.
Introduction 215
2.
Synthesis of an acrylate-based liquid crystal polymer 217
3.
The hydrosilylation reaction: a useful procedure for the
preparation
of a variety of side-chain polymers
225
4.
Photochemical preparation of liquid crystalline elastomers
with
a memory of the aligned cholesteric phase
229
5.
Defining permanent memory of macroscopic global alignment
in
liquid crystal elastomers
234
6.
Summary 244
References
244
